{"id":9310,"date":"2024-01-10T09:57:30","date_gmt":"2024-01-10T09:57:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/caumas.org\/revista\/?p=9310"},"modified":"2024-01-17T10:11:21","modified_gmt":"2024-01-17T10:11:21","slug":"la-importancia-del-estudio-de-nuestra-historia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/caumas.org\/revista\/la-importancia-del-estudio-de-nuestra-historia\/","title":{"rendered":"La importancia del estudio de nuestra historia"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row full_width_row=&#8221;true&#8221;][vc_column]<div id=\"ultimate-heading-585069efc22c502e6\" class=\"uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-585069efc22c502e6 uvc-3050  uvc-heading-default-font-sizes\" data-hspacer=\"no_spacer\"  data-halign=\"left\" style=\"text-align:left\"><div class=\"uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer\" style=\"top\"><\/div><div class=\"uvc-main-heading ult-responsive\"  data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-585069efc22c502e6 h2'  data-responsive-json-new='{\"font-size\":\"\",\"line-height\":\"\"}' ><h2 style=\"font-family:&#039;Viga&#039;;--font-weight:theme;\">La importancia del estudio de nuestra historia<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"uvc-sub-heading ult-responsive\"  data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-585069efc22c502e6 .uvc-sub-heading '  data-responsive-json-new='{\"font-size\":\"\",\"line-height\":\"\"}'  style=\"font-weight:normal;\"><em>Juan Hern\u00e1ndez Hortig\u00fcela<\/em><\/div><\/div>[vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<div>\n<p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml>\n<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>\n<o:RelyOnVML\/>\n<o:AllowPNG\/>\n<\/o:OfficeDocumentSettings>\n<\/xml><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte mso 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SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Smart Link\"\/>\n<\/w:LatentStyles>\n<\/xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]>\n\n\n\n<style>\n \/* Style Definitions *\/<br \/> table.MsoNormalTable<br \/>\t{mso-style-name:\"Tabla normal\";<br \/>\tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;<br \/>\tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0;<br \/>\tmso-style-noshow:yes;<br \/>\tmso-style-priority:99;<br \/>\tmso-style-parent:\"\";<br \/>\tmso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;<br \/>\tmso-para-margin:0cm;<br \/>\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;<br \/>\tfont-size:10.0pt;<br \/>\tfont-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;<br \/>\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}<br \/><\/style>\n\n<![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\">Repasando mis datos y apuntes de la Historia espa\u00f1ola en Filipinas para comenzar un nuevo trabajo, consulto un libro del gran cronista de Filipinas, Jos\u00e9 Montero Vidal, titulado <i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">El Archipi\u00e9lago Filipino y las Islas Marianas, Carolinas y Palaos <\/i>(<i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">Su historia su geograf\u00eda y estad\u00edstica<\/i>); libro editado en Madrid en al a\u00f1o 1886.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\">Jos\u00e9 Montero y Vidal, almeriense nacido en G\u00e9rgal en el a\u00f1o 1851, pueblo que dista de la capital almeriense tan solo a 50 km. <span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0<\/span>comprendido en la sierra de los Filabres. Escritor, historiador y pol\u00edtico. Su educaci\u00f3n estuvo siempre cerca de la jurisprudencia, por lo que ocup\u00f3 siempre cargos en diferentes instituciones gubernamentales y, en general, en la administraci\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola de la Metr\u00f3poli. Desde el a\u00f1o 1868, comienza su carrera pol\u00edtico-administrativa en las provincias de ultramar, Filipinas y Cuba. De su trabajo en las Islas Filipinas es donde mejor se le conoce como un gran administrador de Correos, de Aduanas y Hacienda. Lleg\u00f3 a ocupar cargos de Gobernador en diferentes regiones de Filipinas. Autor de importantes obras sobre Filipinas desde la pol\u00edtica, la administraci\u00f3n, la geograf\u00eda y la etnograf\u00eda; entre sus obras destacamos (a nuestro criterio la m\u00e1s importante) la titulada, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">Historia general de Filipinas desde el descubrimiento de dichas islas hasta nuestros d\u00edas<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">. Editada en Madrid entre 1887-1895, en tres tomos, que fue catalogada con Medalla de Oro en la Exposici\u00f3n General de\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\"><a title=\"1887\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1887\"><span style=\"mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-fareast-language: ES; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;\">1887<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">. Obra de consulta obligada, para cualquier investigador de la Historia de Filipinas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">No pretendemos escrutar ahora sus obras para comentar y escribir sobre diferentes aspectos de la Historia de Filipinas, ya lo hemos hecho en diferentes ocasiones; el motivo de citar a este gran historiador es comentar algunos aspectos del pr\u00f3logo de su obra, ya citada, <\/span><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\">El Archipi\u00e9lago Filipino y las Islas Marianas, Carolinas y Palaos, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\">donde observamos unos comentarios que, presumimos, son de rabiosa actualidad despu\u00e9s de casi 150 a\u00f1os de su publicaci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\">De la lectura del pr\u00f3logo de libro del Sr. Montero, nos parece importante considerar dos aspectos: En primer lugar, su afirmaci\u00f3n del desconocimiento de la Historia de Filipinas por el pueblo espa\u00f1ol (este autor ampliar\u00e1 ese desconocimiento a los mismos filipinos) y, en segundo lugar, las causas de este desconocimiento.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">Las primeras palabras que inician su pr\u00f3logo, constituyen un lamento que pudi\u00e9ramos firmar la mayor\u00eda de los investigadores actuales de esta sentimental Historia:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 70.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .1pt; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">El Archipi\u00e9lago filipino, regi\u00f3n la m\u00e1s importante de cuantas posee Espa\u00f1a allende los mares, es casi desconocido por la generalidad de los espa\u00f1oles.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">En este p\u00e1rrafo a\u00f1adir\u00edamos no solamente el conocimiento del Archipi\u00e9lago filipino, sino su Historia. En cualquier caso esta afirmaci\u00f3n del Sr. Montero, escrita en el a\u00f1o 1886, es tan vigente hoy que no necesitan muchos comentarios. Pero sus lamentos no acaban aqu\u00ed, cuando contin\u00faa escribiendo que, <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 70.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .2pt; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">El \u00faltimo alem\u00e1n sabe m\u00e1s de Filipinas que muchos de nosotros; y no se crea que nos referimos s\u00f3lo a los indoctos, sino tambi\u00e9n a personas cuya ilustraci\u00f3n es notoria. Parecer\u00e1 gratuita, infundada y pretenciosa esta afirmaci\u00f3n; pero desgraciadamente, es cierta. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 70.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .2pt; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">Hemos podido persuadirnos de ello hablando con pol\u00edticos de primera fila; con escritores de merecido renombre; con militares de alta jerarqu\u00eda, y con personas muy doctas que, sin fingida modestia, reconocemos infinitamente superiores a nosotros en saber, y cuyas facultades envidiamos con la noble envidia del que conoce cu\u00e1nto valen, y est\u00e1 lejos de poseer las altas dotes de inteligencia que a todas ellas adornan.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">Este aserto es de una incontrovertible honradez del autor. Y lo justifica el Sr. Montero por su conocimiento y lectura de cantidad de obras, sobre Filipinas, editadas en Alemania, en temas relativos a la geograf\u00eda, la fauna, la historia natural del archipi\u00e9lago, libros de viajes, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">En segundo lugar, como causas de este desconocimiento describe la actitud, y aptitud, de los espa\u00f1oles que, en muchos de sus aspectos, no podemos menos de continuar lamentando en pleno siglo XX1; es decir, pasados 150 a\u00f1os desde la publicaci\u00f3n de su obra. El Sr. Montero contin\u00faa escribiendo, entre lamentos justificados:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 70.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .2pt; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">Dimana el fen\u00f3meno indicado de nuestra especial manera de ser. Los espa\u00f1oles vivimos muy al d\u00eda: nos aburren los problemas arduos; nos enojan las cuestiones serias; nos preocupamos poco de lo que est\u00e1 m\u00e1s all\u00e1 del horizonte que abarca nuestra vista. Un sol espl\u00e9ndido nos atrae con superior influjo a disfrutar de sus viv\u00edficos rayos; las enconadas luchas de los partidos pol\u00edticos y los debates parlamentarios personal\u00edsimos y ruidosos, nos interesan m\u00e1s que todas las colonias habidas y por haber; se lee poco: la casi totalidad de los espa\u00f1oles contemplan las obras que los libreros exponen en sus escaparates, como suelen verse las plantas de un invernadero; raros son los que en Espa\u00f1a compran libros, y m\u00e1s raros todav\u00eda los que, aun compr\u00e1ndolos, los leen. Conocemos muchos hombres de posici\u00f3n, \u00a1qui\u00e9n no los conoce! que poseen lujosas y bien repletas bibliotecas, cuyos vol\u00famenes jam\u00e1s merecieron el honor de que su due\u00f1o los hojease. In\u00fatil decir que si alguna lectura les seduce, son los libros de mera distracci\u00f3n. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">Cu\u00e1nta certeza albergan estas palabras escritas en nuestra cotidiana realidad del a\u00f1o 2023. Tal vez, debamos pensar que la cultura y conocimiento del siglo XIX no era la misma de la que disfrutamos hoy, y este autor piensa que ahora se lee bastante m\u00e1s, pero siempre alrededor de lecturas poco formadoras de criterio (tal vez, al contrario, deformadoras), novelas folletinescas, que pasan de mano en mano, o se recomiendan, resultando una larga cadena de lectores aficionados a las mismas lecturas; y si son de autores extranjeros, la aceptaci\u00f3n puede ser mucho mayor.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">Sin embargo, las lecturas formativas, como pueden ser las que ampl\u00edan el conocimiento de nuestra propia Historia, se consideran siempre manipuladas, dif\u00edciles de entender e interpretar; lecturas que inviten a la investigaci\u00f3n, a la formaci\u00f3n de un criterio, cada vez m\u00e1s necesario, para poder discernir las manipulaciones interesadas de los <i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">cultiparlantes<\/i> pol\u00edticos que se asoman a la televisi\u00f3n, en lugar de contratar a verdaderos <i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">cultiparlantes<\/i> en las m\u00faltiples tertulias de las televisiones.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">No me canso de invitar a mis lectores a la necesidad del estudio de nuestra propia Historia, en orden a no ignorar nuestras se\u00f1as de identidad y, como consecuencia, evitar perder nuestra dignidad como naci\u00f3n a la que estamos obligados por nacencia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">Contin\u00faa su relato el Sr. Montero Vidal, exculpando esta ignorancia con unas palabras cuya actualidad est\u00e1 hist\u00f3ricamente periclitada, y que se refieren exclusivamente a la pol\u00edtica de finales del siglo XIX en Filipinas, pero que pueden servirnos para interpretarlas y trasladarlas a nuestra realidad actual.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 70.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .2pt; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">\u00bfC\u00f3mo, pues, exigir a un pueblo as\u00ed constituido, que conozca el valor de un pa\u00eds que nos envidian las m\u00e1s pr\u00f3speras y ricas naciones, y que codician los imperios poderosos? \u00bfC\u00f3mo ha de preocuparse del desarrollo de sus m\u00faltiples elementos de riqueza, ni de llevar a \u00e9l su actividad y sus recursos para emancipar su valioso comercio del poder de extranjeros?<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">Pero en sus cr\u00edticas no exculpaba a los gobernantes a los que, en ocasiones, no evita ridiculizarlos justificadamente,<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 70.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .2pt; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">\u2026 \u00bfY qu\u00e9 decir de los Gobiernos? como otro c\u00e9lebre consejero de la Corona <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">(que proyect\u00f3)<i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"> la conducci\u00f3n <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">por tierra<\/b> de una remesa de fondos desde la isla de Ceb\u00fa a la de Mindanao <\/i><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn1;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[1]<\/span><\/b><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/a><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">. Y si actos de tal naturaleza y otros, no por menos rid\u00edculos, igualmente desatentados, demuestran el completo desconocimiento de un pa\u00eds cuya alta gesti\u00f3n desempe\u00f1an, \u00bfqu\u00e9 reformas necesarias, qu\u00e9 mejoras positivas, qu\u00e9 organizaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s perfecta, que \u00fatiles proyectos ni qu\u00e9 pensamiento acertado pod\u00edan realizar estos ministros? <\/i><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn2;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[2]<\/span><\/b><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/a><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">No acabamos los espa\u00f1oles de educarnos en nuestra Historia, ni nos preocupa el obligado conocimiento de la misma. Esta actitud, tan extendida hoy, pudiera dar a entender que queremos ser los eternos conquistados por la estulticia y la mentira hist\u00f3rica internacional, que con tanta eficiencia han conseguido los tradicionales y fieles enemigos de Espa\u00f1a. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 20.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\">Finalizar con esta situaci\u00f3n, deber\u00eda ser el objetivo de los diferentes gobiernos, y que deber\u00edan exigir la mayor\u00eda de los espa\u00f1oles, si todos tuvi\u00e9ramos el m\u00ednimo sentido del patriotismo. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\"><em><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\">Juan Hern\u00e1ndez Hortig\u00fcela<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\">Miembro de la JD de ADAMUC<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\">Universidad Complutense, Madrid<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 141.6pt; line-height: 20pt; text-align: right;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #202122; mso-fareast-language: ES;\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Madrid, borrascas en el ambiente, 17 de octubre de 2023<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 20.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"mso-element: footnote-list;\">\n<p><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]--><\/p>\n<hr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\" \/>\n<p><!--[endif]--><\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn1\" style=\"mso-element: footnote;\">\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn1;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[1]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/a> Destaca esta incongruente decisi\u00f3n de un gobernante, ignorante por dem\u00e1s, cuando para ir de Ceb\u00fa a Mindanao era necesario ir en barco y no por tierra.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn2\" style=\"mso-element: footnote;\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt;\"><a style=\"mso-footnote-id: ftn2;\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[2]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/a> <span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"mso-special-character: footnote;\"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">[2]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Los p\u00e1rrafos en cursiva del art\u00edculo, est\u00e1n transcritos de la obra de Jos\u00e9 Montero y Vidal<\/span>, <i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">El Archipi\u00e9lago Filipino y las Islas Marianas, Carolinas y Palaos <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">(<i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">Su historia su geograf\u00eda y estad\u00edstica<\/i>) en las primeras p\u00e1ginas de su pr\u00f3logo. Libro editado en la imprenta y fundici\u00f3n Manuel Tello, Impresor de C\u00e1mara de S.M. Calle Isabel la Cat\u00f3lica, 23, Madrid, 1886<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--EndFragment--><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row full_width_row=&#8221;true&#8221;][vc_column][vc_empty_space height=&#8221;16px&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text] Repasando mis datos y apuntes de la Historia espa\u00f1ola en Filipinas para comenzar un nuevo trabajo, consulto un libro del gran cronista de Filipinas, Jos\u00e9 Montero Vidal, titulado El Archipi\u00e9lago Filipino y las Islas Marianas, Carolinas y Palaos (Su historia su geograf\u00eda y estad\u00edstica); libro editado en Madrid en al a\u00f1o 1886.&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9632,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[291,57],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9310","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-45-opinion-dic-2023","category-opinion","category-291","category-57","description-off"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/caumas.org\/revista\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9310","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/caumas.org\/revista\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/caumas.org\/revista\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/caumas.org\/revista\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/caumas.org\/revista\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9310"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/caumas.org\/revista\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9310\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9633,"href":"https:\/\/caumas.org\/revista\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9310\/revisions\/9633"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/caumas.org\/revista\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9632"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/caumas.org\/revista\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9310"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/caumas.org\/revista\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9310"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/caumas.org\/revista\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9310"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}